Scan the following academic articles related to your field and make a list of their conventions (common features / characteristics / majors components / parts):
1. Conversation Analysis in Cross-Culture Team Communication
2. Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2007). Online communication and adolescent well-being: Testing the stimulation versus the displacement hypothesis. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), article 2. http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue4/valkenburg.html
4. Does proximity matter? Distance dependence of adolescent friendships Paulina Preciadoa,∗, Tom A.B. Snijdersb, William J. Burkc, Håkan Stattind, Margaret Kerrd
POSSIBLE major convensions - LIST of academic article conventions:
1. Title
2. Authors' names and their affiliation (their university)
3. Abstract
4. Key words
5. Introduction
6. Research question
7. Literature Review
8. Research Methods
9. Samples - Subjects
10. Measures - Surveys
11. Data
12. Figures
13. Tables
14. Discussion
15. Results
16. Limitations
17. Conclusions
18. Acknowledgements
19. Bibliography / (Bibliographical) References
20. Appendix - Appendices
B. Introduction to Bibliography and Bibliographical References
1. General information
What is bibliography?
What are bibliographical references?
Where do we find them?
(a) At the beginning, in the contents page as a list item
(b) In the text
(c) At the end of the article in the references list
(d) Footnotes
2. Putting a quotation in the text
Way 1 - Direct Way
“Infectious disease is no longer the major cause of human deaths in Australia” (Morgan, 1967, p. 261)
“It is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable” (Moir & Jessel, 1991, p. 94).
OR
Moir and Jessel (1991) suggested that “it is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable” (p. 94).
Way 2 - Indirect Way
Postgate (1975, p. 245) believes that flush toilets are actually quite unhygienic
Direct quotations
Example:
‘The most useful way of making a world survey is to identify families of
languages, preferably using criteria such as those worked out by myself in
1933, showing relationships by origin and development’ (Brook, 1978, p. 98) OR
‘The most useful way of making a world survey is to identify families of
languages… showing relationships by origin and development’ (Brook,
1978, p. 98)
If you add something to a quotation to explain an abbreviation or a reference in the text, or for some other reason to make the quotation more intelligible, this addition should be enclosed in square brackets [ ].
Example:
‘All the languages of the south-west coast [of New Britain] are Non-Austronesian,
overlaid with a veneer of Austronesian’ (Jones, 1981, p. 71)
Indirect quotations
A part of a well-written article from a journal of international standing, entitled as ‘Do College Students use Facebook to Communicate about Alcohol? An Analysis of Student Profile'. (http://www.cyberpsychology.eu/view.php?cisloclanku=2011121702&article=2), the writers' argument is supported by facts which he has gathered from other books and journals. These source materials are acknowledged
(a) in the text and
(b) fully documented at the end
Read through the article and note where information from other books and journals has been mentioned.
Highlight them.
Discuss how they are referenced in the text: Direct or indirect quoting?
REMEMBER:Both direct and indirect quotations will be followed by a reference to the source in brackets.The facts Fournier and Clarke refer to give authority to their argument. However, notice one important thing. They have used very few DIRECT quotations: most of them are INDIRECT. They have not merely taken the words of the originals but instead they have rewritten them so that, first, they fit in with their own style, and second, they relate more precisely to the exact point they are making.Make sure you do the same in the essays you write. Keep your direct quotations to a minimum.If you put more than two direct quotations on each page of any essay, beware! You may not be making use of them properly.REMEMBER: The aim of a piece of writing is to show your lecturers that you have understood the topic and have done some reading. Too many direct quotations implies that you have not understood fully what you have read, and have merely copied the whole sentence blindly. No reference to sources at all implies that you have done no reading! Task
Read through the article again and find the references in the article. Write a list of these references in your wiki, W10S2. Here are some examples:
For example: NIAAA, 2010: name of association, date of publication Bandura, 1977: name of author and date of publication Bandura, 1986: name of one author and date of publication of another source of the same author Perkins & Berkowitz, 1986: Names of two authors and date of publication
Wechsler, Dowdall, Maenner, Gledhil-Hoyt, & Lee, 1998: names of 5 authors and date of publication
Bosari & Carey, 2001; Perkins, 1997; Perkins et al., 1999: Names of more than 7 authors and date of publication
Facebook, 2010: name of online social network and date
There are, of course, many phrases that can be used to introduce information and ideas from other sources into your essay. Here are a few.
Smith points out…
Smith recognises…
Smith reports…
According to Smith…
Smith notes…
To quote Smith…
Smith observes…
As Smithhas indicated….
Smith concludes…
Smith defines…
NOTE: Which of these introductory phrases should be followed by “that”?
There are two things to pay special attention to here:
Notice how the authors have put all their sources into their text: look at each sentence in which a quote occurs. Notice that each sentence reads as a grammatically correct one.
Notice once again that if the original author’s name is included in the sentence, the name is not repeated in the source reference:
e.g As Jones says (1980, p. 56) ‘Life is hard’.
But ‘Life is hard’ (Jones, 1980, p. 56).
3. Bibliographical reference list - general information
Where is it found?
At the end of / after the text
Look at the one in the text you studied. What do you notice as far as the order the references are listed?
In alphabetical order
4. Study the following bibliographical references as they appear at the end of a text in a list. What do they consist of (made of)?
Book:
(a) Clyne, M. (1994). Intercultural Communication at Work: Cultural Values in Discourse. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
(b) Abelson, R., & Friquegnon, M. (1982). Ethics for Modern Life.New York: St. Martin's Press.
(c) Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001). Writing Labs. London: Wiley.
(d) The World of Learning. (1995). London: Europa Publications.
Chapter / Article / Section in an Edited book
(a) Tollifson, J. (1997). Imperfection is a Beautiful Thing: On disability and Mediation. In K. Fries (Ed.), Staring Back (pp. 105-112). New York: Plume.
(b) Chomsky, N. (1967b). Degrees of Grammaticalness. In J.A. Fodor & J.J. Kartz (Eds). The Structure of Language (pp.384-389). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
An article in a Journal
(a) Du-Babcock, B. (2006). An Analysis of Topic Management and Turn-Taking Behavior in the Hong Kong Bilingual Environment: The Impact of Culture and Language Use. Journal of Business Communication, 43, 21-42.
(b) Gross, E. F. (2004). Adolescent Internet use: What we expect, what teens report. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25 (6), 633-649.
Magazine article
(a) Begley, S. (1982, October 4). A Healthy Dose of Laughter. Newsweek, 74-75
(b) Henry, W.A. (1990, April 9). Making the Grade in Today’s Schools. Time, 135, 28-31
Newspaper article
(a) Brody, J. E. (1995, February 21). Health Factor in Vegetables Still Elusive. New York Times, p. C1.
(c) Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls Made to Strengthen State Energy Policies. The Country Today, pp.74-75
An article in a newspaper without author
Meeting the Needs of Counsellors. (2001, May 5). The Courier Mail, p. 22.
Electronic source
CDATA 91 with Supermap: Data for Australia 1995, release 2.1 rev. [Computer program]. Hawthorn East, Vic.: Space-Time Research.
An article (Electronic version) where print copy also exists
Griffith, T. L. (1993). Monitoring and Performance: a Comparison of Computer & Supervisor Monitoring [Electronic version]. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 549-572.
4. As we have seen, there are different types of references, for example references for books, journals, magazines, newspapers, electronic sources, online, etc.
Match each of the following type of reference with the appropriate title.
1. A book by one author
Rudduck, J. (1991). Innovation and Change, Developing and Understanding. Milton Keynes: Open University Press.
2. A book by two authors
Boydell, D. (1975). Pupil Behaviour in Junior Classrooms. British Journal of Educational Psychology, 45, 122-9
Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001). Writing Labs. London: Wiley.
5. An edition of an author’s work
Tollifson, J. (1997). Imperfection is a Beautiful Thing: On disability and Mediation. In K. Fries (Ed.), Staring Back (pp. 105-112). New York: Plume.
6. Book by an institutional or organisational author
Bergmann, P.G. (1993). Relativity. In TheNew Εncyclopaedia Britannica (Vol.26, pp.501-508). Chicago: Encyclopaedia Britannica Book Encyclopaedia. (1995). 14th ed. Field Enterprises Corp. Vol 3, pp. 189-192
7. Chapter / article / section in a book edited by one person
Chomsky, N. (1967a). Current Issues in Linguistic Theory. In J.A. Fodor & J.J. Kartz (Eds). The Structure of Language (pp.50-118). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
8. Chapter / article /section in a book edited by more than one person
Lankford, K. (1998, April). The Trouble With Rules of Thumb. Kiplinger's Personal Finance Magazine, 52, 102-104.
9. An article in a journal
Wellington, J.J. (Ed). (1986). Controversial Issues in the Curriculum. Oxford: Basil Blackwell.
Brody, J.E. (1976, October 10). Multiple Cancers Termed on Increase. New York Times, p.37
12. An article in a newspaper without author
Get the facts (and Get Them Organised). (1990). [Videotape]. Williamstown, Vic: Appleseed Productions.
13. An entry in an encyclopaedia
Council of Biology Editors. (1994). Scientific Style and Format: The CBE Manual for Authors, Editors, and Publishers (6th ed.). Chicago: Cambridge University Press
14. Paper published in conference proceedings
Schnase, J.L. & Cybbuysm E.L. (Eds). (1995). Proceedings from CSCL ´95: The First International Conference on Computer Support for Collaborative Learning. Mahwah, N.J.: Erlbaum.
15. An article in an internet-only journal
Bull, S. and Solity, J. (1989). Classroom Management, Principles to Practice. New York: Routledge.
16. Multimedia material
Jacobson, J. W., Mulick, J. A., & Schwartz, A. A. (1995). A History of Facilitated Communication:Science, Pseudoscience, and Antiscience: Science Working Group on Facilitated Communication. American Psychologist, 50, 750-765. Retrieved January 25, 1996, from http://www.apa.org/journals/jacobson.html
17. Websites and pages
The Business of Roses. (1974). Los Angeles: Little and Long.
18. Web page authored by an organization (publication date not available)
Week 10, Session 2
A. Conventions of Academic articles
Task:
Scan the following academic articles related to your field and make a list of their conventions (common features / characteristics / majors components / parts):
1. Conversation Analysis in Cross-Culture Team Communication2. Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2007). Online communication and adolescent well-being: Testing the stimulation versus the displacement hypothesis. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 12(4), article 2. http://jcmc.indiana.edu/vol12/issue4/valkenburg.html
3. R.J. Campbell, J. Wabby: The Elderly and the Internet: A Case Study. The Internet Journal of Health. 2003 Volume 3 Number 1
http://www.ispub.com/journal/the-internet-journal-of-health/volume-3-number-1/the-elderly-and-the-internet-a-case-study.html
4. Does proximity matter? Distance dependence of adolescent friendships Paulina Preciadoa,∗, Tom A.B. Snijdersb, William J. Burkc, Håkan Stattind, Margaret Kerrd
5. Organisation of Topics in Intercultural and Intracultural Small Talk
POSSIBLE major convensions - LIST of academic article conventions:
1. Title
2. Authors' names and their affiliation (their university)
3. Abstract
4. Key words
5. Introduction
6. Research question
7. Literature Review
8. Research Methods
9. Samples - Subjects
10. Measures - Surveys
11. Data
12. Figures
13. Tables
14. Discussion
15. Results
16. Limitations
17. Conclusions
18. Acknowledgements
19. Bibliography / (Bibliographical) References
20. Appendix - Appendices
B. Introduction to Bibliography and Bibliographical References
1. General information
What is bibliography?
What are bibliographical references?
Where do we find them?
(a) At the beginning, in the contents page as a list item
(b) In the text
(c) At the end of the article in the references list
(d) Footnotes
2. Putting a quotation in the text
Way 1 - Direct Way
“Infectious disease is no longer the major cause of human deaths in Australia” (Morgan, 1967, p. 261)
“It is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable” (Moir & Jessel, 1991, p. 94).
OR
Moir and Jessel (1991) suggested that “it is futile to maintain that the sexes are interchangeable” (p. 94).
Way 2 - Indirect Way
Postgate (1975, p. 245) believes that flush toilets are actually quite unhygienic
Direct quotations
Example:
‘The most useful way of making a world survey is to identify families of
languages, preferably using criteria such as those worked out by myself in
1933, showing relationships by origin and development’ (Brook, 1978, p. 98) OR
‘The most useful way of making a world survey is to identify families of
languages… showing relationships by origin and development’ (Brook,
1978, p. 98)
If you add something to a quotation to explain an abbreviation or a reference in the text, or for some other reason to make the quotation more intelligible, this addition should be enclosed in square brackets [ ].
Example:
‘All the languages of the south-west coast [of New Britain] are Non-Austronesian,
overlaid with a veneer of Austronesian’ (Jones, 1981, p. 71)
Indirect quotations
A part of a well-written article from a journal of international standing, entitled as ‘Do College Students use Facebook to Communicate about Alcohol? An Analysis of Student Profile'. (http://www.cyberpsychology.eu/view.php?cisloclanku=2011121702&article=2), the writers' argument is supported by facts which he has gathered from other books and journals. These source materials are acknowledged
(a) in the text and
(b) fully documented at the end
Read through the article and note where information from other books and journals has been mentioned.
Highlight them.
Discuss how they are referenced in the text: Direct or indirect quoting?
REMEMBER:Both direct and indirect quotations will be followed by a reference to the source in brackets.The facts Fournier and Clarke refer to give authority to their argument. However, notice one important thing. They have used very few DIRECT quotations: most of them are INDIRECT. They have not merely taken the words of the originals but instead they have rewritten them so that, first, they fit in with their own style, and second, they relate more precisely to the exact point they are making.Make sure you do the same in the essays you write. Keep your direct quotations to a minimum.If you put more than two direct quotations on each page of any essay, beware! You may not be making use of them properly.REMEMBER: The aim of a piece of writing is to show your lecturers that you have understood the topic and have done some reading. Too many direct quotations implies that you have not understood fully what you have read, and have merely copied the whole sentence blindly. No reference to sources at all implies that you have done no reading!Task
Read through the article again and find the references in the article. Write a list of these references in your wiki, W10S2. Here are some examples:
(NIAAA, 2010)(Presley, Meilman, & Lyerla, 1993; Wechsler, Dowdall, Maenner, Gledhil-Hoyt, & Lee, 1998)
(Testa, Kearns-Bodkin & Livingston, 2009)
(Mallett, Bachrach & Turrisi, 2009)
(Perkins & Berkowitz, 1986)
(Bosari & Carey, 2001; Perkins, 1997; Perkins et al., 1999)
(Haines & Spear, 1996; Perkins, 2003)
(Haines & Spear, 1996; Mattern & Neighbors, 2004)
(Carter & Kahnweiler, 2000)
(Ellickson, Collins, Hambarsoomians, & McCaffrey, 2005)
(Facebook, 2010)
Wiley and Sisson (2006)
(Facebook, 2010)
(Bandura, 1977)
(Bandura, 1986)
Discuss how they are referenced:
For example:NIAAA, 2010: name of association, date of publication
Bandura, 1977: name of author and date of publication
Bandura, 1986: name of one author and date of publication of another source of the same author
Perkins & Berkowitz, 1986: Names of two authors and date of publication
Wechsler, Dowdall, Maenner, Gledhil-Hoyt, & Lee, 1998: names of 5 authors and date of publication
Bosari & Carey, 2001; Perkins, 1997; Perkins et al., 1999: Names of more than 7 authors and date of publication
Facebook, 2010: name of online social network and date
There are, of course, many phrases that can be used to introduce information and ideas from other sources into your essay. Here are a few.
Smith points out…
Smith recognises…
Smith reports…
According to Smith…
Smith notes…
To quote Smith…
Smith observes…
As Smith has indicated….
Smith concludes…
Smith defines…
NOTE: Which of these introductory phrases should be followed by “that”?
There are two things to pay special attention to here:
Notice how the authors have put all their sources into their text: look at each sentence in which a quote occurs. Notice that each sentence reads as a grammatically correct one.
Notice once again that if the original author’s name is included in the sentence, the name is not repeated in the source reference:
e.g As Jones says (1980, p. 56) ‘Life is hard’.
But ‘Life is hard’ (Jones, 1980, p. 56).
3. Bibliographical reference list - general information
Where is it found?
At the end of / after the textLook at the one in the text you studied. What do you notice as far as the order the references are listed?
In alphabetical order4. Study the following bibliographical references as they appear at the end of a text in a list. What do they consist of (made of)?
Book:
(a) Clyne, M. (1994). Intercultural Communication at Work: Cultural Values in Discourse. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.
(b) Abelson, R., & Friquegnon, M. (1982). Ethics for Modern Life.New York: St. Martin's Press.
(c) Harris, M., Karper, E., Stacks, G., Hoffman, D., DeNiro, R., Cruz, P., et al. (2001). Writing Labs. London: Wiley.
(d) The World of Learning. (1995). London: Europa Publications.
Chapter / Article / Section in an Edited book
(a) Tollifson, J. (1997). Imperfection is a Beautiful Thing: On disability and Mediation. In K. Fries (Ed.), Staring Back (pp. 105-112). New York: Plume.
(b) Chomsky, N. (1967b). Degrees of Grammaticalness. In J.A. Fodor & J.J. Kartz (Eds). The Structure of Language (pp.384-389). Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall.
An article in a Journal
(a) Du-Babcock, B. (2006). An Analysis of Topic Management and Turn-Taking Behavior in the Hong Kong Bilingual Environment: The Impact of Culture and Language Use. Journal of Business Communication, 43, 21-42.
(b) Gross, E. F. (2004). Adolescent Internet use: What we expect, what teens report. Journal of Applied Developmental Psychology, 25 (6), 633-649.
Magazine article
(a) Begley, S. (1982, October 4). A Healthy Dose of Laughter. Newsweek, 74-75
(b) Henry, W.A. (1990, April 9). Making the Grade in Today’s Schools. Time, 135, 28-31
Newspaper article
(a) Brody, J. E. (1995, February 21). Health Factor in Vegetables Still Elusive. New York Times, p. C1.
(c) Schultz, S. (2005, December 28). Calls Made to Strengthen State Energy Policies. The Country Today, pp.74-75
An article in a newspaper without author
Meeting the Needs of Counsellors. (2001, May 5). The Courier Mail, p. 22.
Electronic source
CDATA 91 with Supermap: Data for Australia 1995, release 2.1 rev. [Computer program]. Hawthorn East, Vic.: Space-Time Research.
Website and page
An article in an Internet-only journal
Fredrickson, B.L. (2000, March 7). Cultivating Positive Emotions to Optimise Health and Well-being. Prevention & Treatment, 3, Article 0001a. Retrieved November 20, 2000, from http://journals.apa.org/prevention/volume3/pre0030001a.html
An article (Electronic version) where print copy also exists
Griffith, T. L. (1993). Monitoring and Performance: a Comparison of Computer & Supervisor Monitoring [Electronic version]. Journal of Applied Social Psychology, 23, 549-572.
4. As we have seen, there are different types of references, for example references for books, journals, magazines, newspapers, electronic sources, online, etc.
Match each of the following type of reference with the appropriate title.
C. Referencing styles
There are different types of referencing styles.
Do a search (referencing styles) and note them down.
1.2.
3.
4.
http://www.library.uq.edu.au/infoskil/styles2.html
Which one have you been introduced during this lesson? Can you recognise it?